Written by Aparna Hari
The causes of infertility are many, the most common among them being ovulatory disorders. Assisted reproductive technologies are a mainstream approach to resolving infertility issues in most such cases. Superovulation is an integral part of this process and is the first line of treatment for infertility in many women as the correction should start with proper ovulation.
The protocol for this process changes as per the age, condition, and treatment option (IVF, IUI, mini IVF) that a woman is undergoing. Superovulation is different from ovulation induction where the goal is to release one egg per month. Many studies suggest that superovulation can improve success rates in pregnancy. This process also may have potential risks and side effects. Let us know more about superovulation.
In This Article
The ability to induce the development of multiple eggs for pregnancy in women who approach assisted reproductive technology like IVF and IUI etc. Generally, during the process of ovulation, either of the ovaries produces only one egg in women. Superovulation involves the administration of medications to induce multiple ovulations. In other words, this process produces more than one egg for the purpose of fertility treatments such as In Vitro Fertilization and IntraUterine insemination. (1)
Women with a healthy ovulation cycle where ovaries are releasing the egg but are finding it difficult to conceive may need superovulation to increase the chance of pregnancy. Doctors will recommend taking up this process after a thorough evaluation of the couple and the underlying infertility causes.
This process is normally recommended for cases such as
The process of superovulation is as follows.
If the current cycle remains unsuccessful for pregnancy results, the doctor may do another treatment cycle with superovulation after reviewing the current protocol and making any changes if needed.
The process of Superovulation can be continued only for six menstrual cycles. If no successful pregnancy is achieved your doctor may suggest other required treatment options.
The optimal number of eggs depends on the treatment you are undergoing. The treating fertility specialist will decide the count of eggs and plan the treatment protocol accordingly.
For the best pregnancy results, the ovary must produce at least 10 to 12 eggs (3). Out of all the follicles that form during a superovulation cycle, only a few will have eggs, out of which only a few eggs will mature and release. Out of these, only a few undergo fertilization and can grow into a fetus.
So approximately out of 10-12 eggs, only one to two eggs may reach the fertilization stage.
In cases where only 4-5 follicles develop, your fertility specialist may take a call to cancel the IVF process and try again in your next cycle to retrieve eggs. Between 10-12 eggs is generally a good number to improve the chances of getting pregnant.
If a woman produces too many eggs and more than 15 follicles, your doctor may also cancel your cycle due to the risk of hyperstimulation of ovaries (4).
In some cases, your doctors may suggest freezing your healthy embryos and transferring them when your ovaries are healthy again from hyperstimulation. It all depends on your doctor’s opinion about your health.
While having 4-5 eggs is not a good count for conventional IVF, it is indeed ideal for women undergoing mini-IVF.
The required egg count for IUI is only one to two eggs in case of IUI treatment. In the case of IUI, no more than 4 follicles are best, otherwise, you may end up with multiple pregnancies.
For women having mild to moderate PCOS, who are under the age of 35 years with good ovarian reserve and adequate sperm count, doctors suggest proceeding with timed intercourse and the transfer of 1-2 embryos. (5)
The superovulation process is one of the significant methods to improve fertility rates and pregnancy outcomes. Still, this procedure may cause certain complications that may need medical observation and attention with follow-up treatment. The following are the complications that can result from Superovulation (6).
Overstimulation of ovaries can at times lead to complications such as Ovarian Hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and adnexal torsion.
OHSS (7) is a syndrome resulting from enlargement of ovaries with a lot of fluid buildup. This can lead to the release of unwanted fluid release from the blood vessels of the ovaries into the surrounding uterus and other parts.
OHSS can be divided into mild, moderate, and severe categories.
Factors that contribute to OHSS are young age, PCOS, high response to gonadotropins, High doses of medication, and previous OHSS.
The treatment depends on the severity of OHSS. Treatment varies from cancellation of the cycle to changing or altering of doses to reduce overstimulation. Some rare cases may require a surgical process to resolve the issues.
Enlargement of ovaries associated with mild abdominal pain is often seen in women undergoing superovulation, but adnexal torsion which is the twisting of ovaries is a rare complication.
Symptoms include abdominal discomfort, enlargement of ovaries, progressive leukocytosis (increase in white blood cells) and anemia. Immediate surgical intervention may help to untwist the ovaries. Most of the women have no postoperative complications and may have healthy functional ovaries if diagnosed early (8).
The major complications of superovulation include
The reason behind these complications is the release of more eggs due to the medications and tubal defects that can lead to the formation of the fetus outside the womb or uterus. All these conditions require prompt medical attention and treatments.
These complications that may arise while retrieving eggs include infection, bleeding, minor bowel injuries, and anesthesia complications like nausea and vomiting. These are quite common and can be effectively treated.
Medications used in the process of superovulation may have few side effects(9). Some of the common side effects include
Superovulation is the first-line treatment of choice for increasing fertility rates by many doctors. The effectiveness of assisted conception procedures is influenced by factors such as the age of the female partner and the underlying cause and duration of infertility (10).
There is limited research indicating that women under the age of 38, particularly those with ovulation disorders and unexplained infertility, have the highest likelihood of achieving pregnancy when using a combination of superovulation and IUI techniques. (11)
The challenge always lies with the treatment of women with age above 40 or women having premature ovarian failure where the ovaries don’t work. In these cases choosing a donor egg and proceeding for IVF will be a suitable option.
But before proceeding to all this few tests can be done to evaluate how well a woman’s ovaries can respond to IVF drugs. Tests like Ovarian Reserve Testing (12) and clomid challenge test (CCT) can predict the success of Superovulation as these are the tests that can evaluate the functionality of the ovaries and response of the ovaries to IVF medicines which in turn give assurance to doctors and patients as well to undergo the procedure or not.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) for infertility treatment are on the rise. The success of ARTs like IVF, IUI, and mini IVF highly depends on the production of eggs and their retrieval. Many studies suggest that superovulation improves egg production and maturation by using different fertility drugs. It can help in reducing the number of IVF cycles and its cost. The success rate increases in conjunction with IUI treatment. Drug-induced ovulation as a process of superovulation and timed intercourse suggested by doctors in unexplained infertility also helps many women to increase their chances of pregnancy with low-cost and minimally invasive procedures.
The most commonly used hormone in superovulation is Gonadotropins. Gonadotropins include Human Chorionic Gonadotropin- HCG, Human Menopausal Gonadotropin-HMG, Follicle stimulating hormone- FSH and luteinizing hormone-LH
The role of HCG in superovulation is to trigger the process of ovulation. It causes the egg to mature and release.
The role of FSH in superovulation is to induce a higher number of follicles to grow and ovulate thereby helping in releasing more eggs.
References
Her experience in impactful writing combined with her background in Home Sciences makes Aparna the perfect candidate for content writing in the pregnancy and parenting niche.Read more.
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